Liquid metal wheel12/27/2023 ![]() Rogers, Stretchable electronics: materials strategies and devices. Brody, The birth and early childhood of active matrix-a personal memoir. Treble, Thin silicon solar cells for large flexible arrays. Jablonski, Printed circuit board technology inspired stretchable circuits. Someya, Stretchable organic integrated circuits for large-area electronic skin surfaces. Rogers, Materials for stretchable electronics in bioinspired and biointegrated devices. Huang, Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics. Bauer, Materials for stretchable electronics. Trimmer, Soft robotics: a bioinspired evolution in robotics. Majidi, Soft robotics: a perspective-current trends and prospects for the future. Kim, Stretchable silicon nanoribbon electronics for skin prosthesis. Suo, Electronic skin: architecture and components. ![]() Milne, Flexible electronics: the next ubiquitous platform. Bao, 25th anniversary article: the evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. Tobin, Biochemistry of human skin-our brain on the outside. Sandini, Tactile sensing-from humans to humanoids. Walsh, Wearable soft sensing suit for human gait measurement. Suo, Mechanics of stretchable electronics and soft machines. This chapter summarizes the properties, patterning methods, and applications of liquid metals and concludes with an outlook and future challenges of these materials within this context. Research is just beginning to explore ways to utilize these ‘softer than skin’ materials for biolectronic applications. They can also be integrated as functional components in circuits composed entirely of soft materials such as sensors, capacitors, memory devices, and diodes. Liquid metals may be used, for example, as conductors for hyper-elastic wires, stretchable antennas, optical structures, conformal electrodes, deformable interconnects, self-healing wires, components in microsystems, reconfigurable circuit elements, and soft circuit boards. This chapter summarizes the properties, patterning methods, and applications of these remarkable materials to form devices with extremely soft mechanical properties. For example, liquid metal can be 3D printed, molded, or injected into microchannels. The surface of these metals reacts rapidly with air to form a thin surface oxide ‘skin’ that allows these liquids to be patterned despite their large surface tension. These metals have negligible vapor pressure (so they do not evaporate) and low viscosity. Gallium and several of its alloys, which are liquid metals at or near room temperature, offer a low toxicity alternative to mercury. These composites can maintain metallic electrical conductivity at extreme strains and can form soft, conformal contacts with surfaces. They are intrinsically stretchable and can be embedded in elastomeric or gel matrices without altering the mechanical properties of the resulting composite. ![]() Are the softest and most deformable class of electrical conductors
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